The BIF and SAIF are separate insurance funds responsible for protecting insured depositors in operating banks and thrift institutions from loss due to failure of the institution. Since 1989, an active institution's insurance fund membership and primary federal regulator have been generally determined by the institution's charter type. Deposits of BIF-member institutions are primarily insured by the BIF; BIF members are predominantly commercial and savings banks regulated by the FDIC, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, or the Federal Reserve. Deposits of SAIF-member institutions are primarily insured by the SAIF; SAIF members are predominantly thrifts supervised by the Office of Thrift Supervision.